Bank Marketing Essay -- essays research papers fc

I. IntroductionWithin our society, financial institutions are becoming more abundant. Along with this present growth, the field of marketing financial function has also grown in size and scope with new entrants everyday. The relatively stable banking environment is being altered with innovation, opportunism, and establishment intervention. This era, marked by the governments luminous hand of deregulation (defined as the act of removing regulations or restrictions from a specific entity), has expanded consumer options to the extent that commercial banking must now develop an aggressively competing member of the financial services industry. In this new era, important marketing areas such as regulation, environment, product, competition in the market, and delivery of product domiciliate no longer be overlooked.II. What is Marketing and Its Role in the Success of fiscal Institutions?What is marketing? According to the American Marketing Association, marketing is the performance of demarcation activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user. In the context of the financial institution, marketing is defined as the creation and delivery of customer-satisfying services as a profit to the bank or financial institution.(McMahon, 1986). With further examination of the previously stated definition, it can be seen that marketing is looked upon as 1) an active help (therefore, ongoing with endless possibilities), with 2) a direct focus on the customer or consumer. Initially, it can be seen that marketing plans that result in efficient returns and mesh do not appear out of thin year, but are created. (McMahon, 1986). Once created, these plans must be delivered properly to the consumer. For example, a teller at a bank, with poor delivery and selling, can ultimately destroy a thoroughly thought out creation aimed at providing superior customer service. Also, marketing is customer-oriented, meat that it is imperative to take into account whether customers are satisfied and their needs/wants are fulfilled by the products or services offered by the bank. (Reidenbach and Pitts, 1986).Marketing, like any early(a) activity associated with business, is goal-directed. To meet specific goals, individuals in management of these financial institutions create a marketing strategy. A marketing strategy consists... ...esent.ReferencesWorks CitedBenn, Alec (1986). Advertising Financial Products and Services. Quorum Books New York, pp. 100 150.Hodges, L.H. and Tillman, R. (1968). Bank Marketing Text and Cases. Addison-Wesley make Company Massachusetts.McMahon, Robert J. (1986). Bank Marketing Handbook How to compete in the Financial Services Industry. Bankers Publishing Company Boston.Reidenbach, E.R. and Pitts, R.E. (1986). Bank Marketing A Guide to Strategic Planning. Prentice Hall New Jersey.Works ReferencedDonnelly, J.H., Berry, L.L., and Thompson, T.W. (1985). Marketing Financial Services A Strategic Vision. Dow J ones-Irwin Illinois.Kinnear, T.C. and Bernhardt, K.L. (1986). Principles of Marketing. Scott, Foresman & Company Illinois.Larreche, Jean-Claude and Strong, E.C. (1982). Readings in Marketing Strategy. Scientific Press Palo Alto.Sinkey, J.F. (1986). Commercial Bank Financial Management, 5th edition. South-Western Publishing Company New York.

Freedom of Choice in Shakespeares King Lear :: Essays on King Lear

Humans, like all creatures on the earth, have the privilege of the freedom of choice. There argon two broad ranges of factors that affect the decisions a person makes. The first factor that affects decision making is internal and includes a persons character and intellect. The second factor is outside(a) such as environment and interaction with other people. Naturally, each decision a person makes results in a repercussion of some degree, usually any helpful or hindering, and r arely inconsequential. The concept of justice is based on the fact that decisions are always followed by consequences. It strictly adheres to the rewarding of good industrial plant and the punishment of evil. King Lear, a play by William Shakespeare, is a grave tragedy that is a prime example of the Elizabethan conception of justice. Lears kingdom turns to funny house because of a break in the Great cosmic string of world and restores to order when justice prevails. Its tragic labelling stems from the prevalence of death the just punishment for many of its characters. The deaths of Lear, Goneril, and Edmund are prime examples of justice prevailing for evil, and in Lears case unnatural, acts. Lears ultimate fate is death. His early demise is a direct result of breaching the Great Chain of Being which states that no mortal will abandon his position in the hierarchy of ranking set by God. Lears intention of abdicating his throne is apparent from the outset and is seen in the following speech spoken during the opening scene of the play . . . tis our fast intent To shake all cares and business from our age, Conferring them on younger strengths while we take crawl toward death. . .1 Evidently the splitting of Lears kingdom and abdication of his throne is not an act of necessity, but an act toward easing the remainder of his life. Lears disruption of the Great Chain of Being is in an unnatural fashion because the abdication of his kingship is without dire or mortal cause. The m ethod of passing down his land to his heirs is also unnatural, as seen in the following excerpts . . . Know that we have divided In three our kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

In The Stag Hughes seems to comment on man’s relationships with nature

In The Stag Hughes seems to comment on mans relationships with spirit With reference to The Stag and one other metrical composition in the section discuss the poets treatment of conflict amid man and nature. In The Stag Hughes seems to comment on mans relationships withnature With reference to The Stag and one other poem in the sectiondiscuss the poets treatment of conflict between man and nature.The Stag was compose by a poet named Ted Hughes and is similar to thepoem Roe-Deer in many respects because they feature many similarideas. The poem is about the distant relationship between humans andnature, in this case it is a Stag the represents the natural side andits actions compared to the humans and their actions. The whole storyof the poem is portraying a negative mental picture as it is about horsemenhunting the stag with hounds. The hunting of such a beautiful creature unspoilt shows us how cruel we are as a race and how unnecessary it is forus to be hunting such an animal an d this poem helps us realise thatthis is going on all the time and it is just a reminder. ...

Invincible :: essays research papers

InvincibleAt the age of ten, most boys either scrape their knees playing kickball or breakage their wrists playing football. I had it a little worse than most, I died, twice. I can remember that terrible day, when I was riding my bike down my street, and I was having a grand time going up peoples driveways and speeding back down. It was a warm summers day around noontime, and I was on my way situation for lunch. I was alone, and I was no more than a mile from my house. I went up this very steep driveway and began to turn around to get that omnipresent rush of going so fast down a hill that I felt interchangeable I was flying. I opened my eyes to meet a car pulling up the driveway just ahead of me. I jammed on my handlebar brakes, but it was too late, and before I could do anything, I was actually flying through the air. I landed on my head, and to this day I dont remember what happened after my collision with that very inhospitable egress known as the road.I awoke to several n urses rushing around me and a doctor asking me what day it was. It was a few days later, and I had the castigate headache and an upset stomach. It turned out that I had given myself a severe concussion, and I was in a comatose state for several hours and had to be revived from death twice. I was now paying for my adolescent stupidity as I threw up for what seemed like hours. I was vomiting profusely like this because of the beating my brain took from its impact with the road. A few days after the accident, I was reunited with what used to be my shiny, new, midnight blue Huffy BMX bike. The front tire was flat, and the mouth was bent up beyond repair. My seat was bent back and would probably take a machine to fix. In essence, my new bike was totaled.When I was tone of voice a little better, I learned that an elderly man was the first one to my side as he drove by my accident, and he had called the ambulance. He wasnt even the person who had been turning up the driveway and had hit me. That person had taken off, and to my knowledge, was probably just turning around at the wrong typeset at the wrong time.

Lord of the Flies: Fear of the Unknown Essay example -- William Goldin

A distressing emotion aroused by impending evil and pain, whether the threat is real or imagined is described as tutelage. Fear is what William Goldings novel Lord of the Flies encompasses. By taking three major examples from the novel, idolise will be considered on different levels Simons having no instance of fear, Ralphs fear of isolation on the island, and Jacks fear of being powerless. Fear can groom people behave in ways that atomic number 18 foreign to them, whether their fear is real or imagined. In response to fear, people may act defensively by attacking, fear can either stop one from doing something, or it can make one behave in an irrational erratic manner.On contrary from all the other boys on the island Simon, a Christ like figure in the novel, did not fear the beastie or the unknown. Maybe there is a beast....maybe its only us Simon explained. (p. 97) The fear of the unknown in the novel contri notwithstandinges to the boys terror of the beast, the beast is an ima ginary figure which lays in all of the boys minds and haunts them. Golding uses the beast as a symbol of the evil that exists in every creature. You knew, didnt you? Im part of you? Close, close close Im the reason why its no go? Why things are the way they are? The sow head announced to Simon to be the lord of the flies. The lord of the flies is a figure of the devil, and brings out all the evil and fear in people. It wants you to fear it, but if you dont believe in the lord of the flies nothing can happen to you. Therefore Simon didnt fall into the trap, but the beast killed him, meaning the other boys on the island did. Simon discovered that the beast is in fact just a dead parachute man before he died and ran down to tell the boys about his finding. When Sim... ...t. By physically punishing the boys, they will fear Jack, so they will obey him Weve got to have rules and obey them (P.47).In closing, fear can make people act in ways that are unfamiliar to them, whether their fear is valid or imaginary. In reply to fear, people may act defensively by being violent, fear can either stop one from doing something, or it can make one behave in an absurd unpredictable behaviour. As revealed, fear is demonstrated in the Lord of the Flies in three major ways Simons lack of fear, Ralphs fear of being isolated, and Jacks vast fear of being over powered by Ralph. Evil and fear is brought to the island by the boys themselves believed Golding. The world will essentially always have the same problem until every human being on the earth is unblemished, until there is no more evil or fear in the world. Obviously fear isnt over rated.

Lord of the Flies: Fear of the Unknown Essay example -- William Goldin

A distressing emotion aroused by impending evil and pain, whether the threat is real or imagined is depict as aid. Fear is what William Goldings novel Lord of the Flies encompasses. By taking three major examples from the novel, attention will be considered on contrastive levels Simons having no instance of fear, Ralphs fear of isolation on the island, and Jacks fear of being powerless. Fear tummy make deal behave in ways that are foreign to them, whether their fear is real or imagined. In response to fear, people may hazard defensively by attacking, fear can either stop one from doing something, or it can make one behave in an irrational erratic manner.On hostile from all the other boys on the island Simon, a Christ like figure in the novel, did not fear the wildcatie or the unknown. Maybe there is a beast....maybe its except us Simon explained. (p. 97) The fear of the unknown in the novel contributes to the boys terror of the beast, the beast is an imaginary figure which lays in all of the boys minds and haunts them. Golding uses the beast as a symbolization of the evil that exists in every creature. You knew, didnt you? Im part of you? Close, close close Im the reason why its no go? Why things are the way they are? The set out head announced to Simon to be the lord of the flies. The lord of the flies is a figure of the devil, and brings out all the evil and fear in people. It wants you to fear it, but if you dont believe in the lord of the flies nothing can happen to you. Therefore Simon didnt fall into the trap, but the beast killed him, meaning the other boys on the island did. Simon discovered that the beast is in fact just a dead parachute man before he died and ran piling to tell the boys about his finding. When Sim... ...t. By physically punishing the boys, they will fear Jack, so they will obey him Weve got to have rules and obey them (P.47).In closing, fear can make people act in ways that are unfamiliar to them, whether their fear is v alid or imaginary. In reply to fear, people may act defensively by being violent, fear can either stop one from doing something, or it can make one behave in an wet unpredictable behaviour. As revealed, fear is demonstrated in the Lord of the Flies in three major ways Simons lack of fear, Ralphs fear of being isolated, and Jacks vast fear of being over powered by Ralph. Evil and fear is brought to the island by the boys themselves believed Golding. The world will essentially evermore have the same problem until every human being on the earth is unblemished, until there is no more evil or fear in the world. Obviously fear isnt over rated.

House of the Spirits Essay

In Isabel Allendes novel The House of the Spirits, there atomic number 18 two definitive rankes of people that are present throughout the novel. The poor soma, including the peasants of Tres Marias and the socialist party members, has continual resentment towards the other class, which is the laden aristocratic class. The flush(p) division of the novel shows little humanity towards the poor, treats the poor as servants, and tone down all politics involved in the country.The wealthys treatment of the depress class shattered the peace experienced by Chile because the poor and the wealthy maintained a struggle to co-exist with such division amongst their classes. The struggles between the two classes was first established early on in the novel at Tres Marias where Estreban Trueba makes it clear that he is the leader of the land and the rest of the tenants were much little important than him. Trueba was a part of the wealthy class and he takes the peasants that are housed on hi s land and he takes complete advantage of the people there.Word of his cruelness spread throughout the region, provoking jealous admiration among the men of his class. The peasants hid their daughters and clenched their fists helplessly because they could not confront him. Esteban Trueba was stronger, and he had impunity (Allende 63). There was nothing that the peasants could do to a man of a higher class and Trueba takes full advantage of this. He acts as though he is untouchable throughout the novel and that the wealthy class can do whatever they please.Esteban Trueba speaks of how he believes that since he is in a higher and wealthier class, he is free to do anything that he wishes, including raping the women of Tres Marias. Esteban sees the people that live on his land as lesser human beings and Esteban believes that poor people are completely ignorant and uneducated. Theyre like children, they cant handle responsibility. How could they tell apart whats best for them? Without Trueba theyd be lost (64). This attitude that the wealthy class has for those in the book ignites the resentment felt by the poor class that resounds in the rest of the story.The inequality that is present between these two classes is unbelievable throughout the book that even parts of the wealthy class begin to take in the damage that their right wing government has caused to the lower division of Chile. Even Esteban Truebas immediate family senses the problems that the poor face. Clara now took Blanca with her on her visits to the poor, weighed down with gifts and comfort. This is to assuage our conscience, darling, she would rationalize to Blanca. But it doesnt help the poor. They dont need charity, they need justice (136).Because of this unequal treatment of the classes and the resentment that the poor held for the wealthy, the two classes could not come about to co-exist. The incessant struggle that the lower class faced when the wealthy controlled everything forced them to begin a revolution so that they can finally take control of their own lives instead of living to please the wealthy. Throughout the novel, the wealthy controlled every part of the countrys government and therefore, they controlled the country as a intact until the day that Esteban Trueba lost the election and the socialist party came to power.This is when the poor finally ceased to be dominated by the wealthy. They lit torches, and the jumble of voices and dancing in the streets became a disciplined, jubilant procession that advanced toward the well-tended avenues of the bourgeoisie, creating the unaccustomed spectacle of ordinary citizens factory workers in their heavy work shoes, women with babies in their arms, students in shirt-sleeves calmly marching through the private, dear(predicate) neighborhood where they had rarely ventured before, and in which they were complete foreigners (340).After the socialist victory there was room for a class that was previously completely blo cked from the wealthy areas of living as well as in the government. The poor and the wealthy became much more even in terms of rights which, in turn, made the two classes much less divided. With such deplorable treatment of the lower class, the two classes could never co-exist peacefully unless there was a dramatic change in Chile. With a socialist victory over the conservatives, there was room for the differences between the poor and the wealthy to be diminished and for the country to be diplomatic.

Table Setup

TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS, TYPES OF serving, AND TABLE SETTINGS Chapter 2 OBJECTIVES ? Differentiate between many typewrites of establishments ? Identify the characteristics of French religious service of process, Russian service, position service, and American service ? Describe the arrangement of service w atomic number 18 for the American breakfast, lunch, and dinner roll up ? Explain where viands items are fare(p) in the American cover as they are served ? Define scatter service, family-style service, buffets, salad bars, oyster bars, and dessert tables 2 INTRODUCTION ? Every restaurant has a unique identity depending on the amenities offered to clients ?Most types of service originated in the backstage homes of European nobility Over the years they have been modified for restaurant use ? Today, all(prenominal) type retains exceptional distinguishing features Some restaurants have combined features of dickens or more avail styles to accommodate their menu, facilit ies, and mode of subr offine 3 INTRODUCTION ? The four traditional types of service are French Russian position American ? The cover refers to the arrangement of china, facileware, napkin, and glassware at from each one place setting ?Other popular types of service are the banquet, family-style, buffets, salad bars, oyster bars, and dessert tables. 4 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? Many terms are used to describe types of restaurants Tearoom Family-style Upscale Casual Theme Quick-service 5 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? The fact of the matter is that restaurants are subjectively class by the style of operation There are no clear characteristics for each type of establishment Traits of one style of restaurant overlap with traits of another(prenominal) ? Creating a unique identity 6 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS For our purposes here, we could say that types of establishments form somewhat of a continuum On one end of the continuum would be restaurants with ? ? Minimum service No co vers or simple place mats ? ? ? A quick pace Fast regimens prepared easily A general informality to the entire operation 7 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS The other end of the continuum would be the establishments with ? ? ? ? Luxurious surroundings Table linens Silver service ware China and Crystal glassware ? ? ? ? ? Flowers Soft music An unhurried pace Skilled servers Expensive, well-prepared, and well-presented foods and wines TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? Family-style restaurants, diners, and some chain restaurants would be on one end of the continuum ? Trattorias, bistros, and supper clubs in the middle ? Classic gourmet, upscale, and fine-dining restaurants on the other 9 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? No matter which combination of amenities make up the whole, the guest has every function to expect A smile That his or her order be right taken and delivered That the check is presented promptly and for the correct amount regardless of the setting ?Good service is still the key to runnin g any successful operation 10 FRENCH divine service ? Most elegant of table services ? Formal type of service originated for European nobility Prolonged and expensive type of service Used in upscale restaurant, elegant hotel dining rooms, cruise ships, resorts, and casinos ? intellectual nourishment is either cooked or completed tableside Brought from the kitchen on heavy silver platters Gueridon (cart) and Rechaud (stove) ? The food is completed by cooking, deboning, filleting, slicing, flambe, and garnishing as necessary Served to the guests on heated plates 1 FRENCH avail ? Maitre dhotel is in charge of the dining room ? Captain is in charge of a section to the dining room Seats the guests, takes guests orders and supervises table service ? French table service employs two servers working(a) together Chef du rang (principle server) ? Receives orders form the captain, serves the drinks, prepares the food tableside, and presents the check Commis du rang (assistant) ? Tak es the orders to the kitchen, picks up the food, serves the plates, clears the dishes and stands ready to assist the chef du rang Sommelier brings wine list and serves wine 12 FRENCH SERVICE ? Silverware brought with each row ? Service plate or show plate is part of the cover Remains until main course and replaced for salad and dessert ? Service is from the right, clearing from the right Except for bread, butter and salad to the left Soiled dishes are cleared only when all guests have completed their meal ? Finger bowls are comely after each course ? drink only 13 FRENCH SERVICE ? Advantages Elegant Attentive Showcases food High check average ? Disadvantages quartering skilled staff ? High labor costs Investment in carts, platters, china, crystal, and silverware Fewer turns of tables Fewer tables in dining room. 14 RUSSIAN SERVICE ? identical to French service in many respects Formal with great elegance and showmanship ? Table setting same as French service Plates for each course set in front of guest ? Differences Only one server Food is fully prepared and attractively arranged on silver platters in the kitchen ? Heated plate placed before each guest from the right side Clockwise around the table RUSSIAN SERVICE Platters of food are brought to the dining room from the kitchen Presented to the guest at the table All foods served from serving dish or platter ? Standing to the left of each guest with the platter in the left hand, the server shows each guest the food Using a large spoon and split in the right hand, dishes up the desired portion Continues counterclockwise around the table Remaining food returned to the kitchen RUSSIAN SERVICE ? As with French service Finger bowls are proper after each course Soiled dishes are cleared only when all guests have completed their meal Especially useful at elegant banquets RUSSIAN SERVICE ? Advantages Elegant Faster and less expensive than French service No extra space for carts postula te ? Disadvantages Need trained staff Capital investment in silver platters Last served from same platter ENGLISH AND FAMILY SERVICE ? Formal family service or host service Typical of a meal served by servants in a private home ? Foods brought on platters and in serving dishes placed before the host at the head of the table troops (or one of the servants) carves the meat, if necessary, or dishes up the entree The hostess (or one of the servants) serves vegetables, salads, desserts and beverages Plates are handed to the server on the left, who serves the guest of remark and all other guests Sauces and side dishes placed on the table to be passed by the guests ? Place settings similar to American service ENGLISH AND FAMILY SERVICE ? Advantages capacious deal of showmanship Casual dining Guests control portions Less service skill needed ? Disadvantages Less formal No presentation Time consuming Host and hostess bespeakd to do a lot of the work AMERICAN SERVICE Simple st form of table service Less formal than French, Russian, or English ? Most prevalent style of service in U. S. restaurants ? Utensils set in order of use Water glass at tip of knife Wine glass to the right of the water Dishes and silver 1 from table edge ? Food dished in the kitchen Except for salad and bread and butter, most food placed on the dinner plate AMERICAN SERVICE ? Foods served from the left, beverages from the right Left with left, right with right ? Soiled dishes prohibitd from the right Do not remove until all are done the course The American breakfast and lunch table setting differs from the American dinner setting breakfast and lunch require only a limited amount of service ware Dinner involves courses and service ware AMERICAN SERVICE ? Advantages Simple and casual or obscure and elegant Portion control Less service skill needed ? Disadvantages Less personal Guests can not choose portion 23 moveing COVERS FOR TABLE SERVICE ? When laying a table i n readiness for service there are a variety of place settings, which have to be laid according to the type of meal and service being offered ?A cover denotes all the necessary sewlery, flatware, crockery, glassware and linen necessary to a lay a certain type of place setting for a specific meal 24 AMERICAN BREAKFAST AND LUNCH COVER ? Includes Dinner fork Dinner knife Teaspoon Napkin B plate Butter knife (optional) Water glass 25 AMERICAN BREAKFAST COVER 26 AMERICAN LUNCH COVER 27 AMERICAN DINNER COVER 28 AMERICAN (FORMAL) DINNER COVER 29 BANQUET SERVICE ? Involves serving a meal to a group of people gathered for a special occasion ? The cover is generally set with American settings Modified to the particular menu French, Russian or buffet service whitethorn be utilized at a banquet The table will be set accordingly ? Before the guest arrives or is seated Water is poured Butter is placed on B plates Baskets of rolls arranged on the tables Cold course whitethorn be pre-s et 30 BANQUET SERVICE ? Food is put on the plates in the kitchen Served to the guests in the usual American style ? Or in the French, Russian or buffet style as predetermined ? The head table is served first ? Water and coffee are replenished periodically ? If guest are to rest after dinner, tables should be cleared and tidy at the completion of the meal ?No check is presented 31 BANQUET SERVICE ? Advantages Menu and serving age pre-determined Service routine simple Few servers ? Disadvantages Little personal service Close quarters ? Makes service difficult 32 FAMILY STYLE SERVICE ? modification of American service Informal ? Table is set before the meal begins ? portion dishes and platters are filled in the kitchen and brought to the table Serving utensils brought with the food ? Serving dishes are passed around the table and people serve themselves All-you-can-eat may require refilling of serving containers Dishes are cleared and dessert is served in the same behavior ? American cover or modification is used FAMILY STYLE SERVICE ? Advantages Fast Few servers ? Disadvantages Little personal service Attractiveness of serving dishes and platters during course of service 34 BUFFET SERVICE ? Usually used when a large number of people are to be served ? A serving reach holds everything needed for the meal and guests go through the line serving themselves The guest either helps themselves or by chefs behind the buffet line (carving station) ?Someone is needed to restock the serving area as necessary ? Silverware and napkins may be located on the buffet table or a complete cover (American) may be pre-set on the table ? Servers usually serve only beverages and desserts Duties may include appetizer or soup course BUFFET SERVICE ? Advantages Attractive food appearance Speed Economics Less service skill needed ? Disadvantages Replenishment needed Unattractive food display Food safety Capital investment 36 SALAD BARS, OYSTER BARS, AND DESSERT TABLES ? Salad stripes Self-service concept Guests prepare their own salads from an attractive array of vegetables, fruits, and accoutrements ? Oyster Bar Buffet featuring oysters on the half shell and various accoutrements May include other seafood items ? confection Table Display of tortes, pies, cakes, cream puffs, eclairs, fresh fruit, and soft cheeses ? ? Dessert plates and service ware are at hand on the table Dessert trays or carts 37 SALAD BARS, OYSTER BARS, AND DESSERT TABLES ? Advantages Attractive food display Less service skill needed Disadvantages Replenishment needed Unattractive food display Timing 38 CAFETERIA SERVICE ? This service exists normally in industrial canteens, colleges, hospitals or hotel cafeterias ? To facilitate quick service, the menu is fixed and is displayed on large boards Sometimes food is displayed behind the counter and the guests may indicate their extract to the counter attendant ? Guests select foods ? The food is served pre-pla ted and the cutlery is handed directly to the guest ? Scramble system limits lines 39 COUNTER SERVICE Tall stools are placed along a counter so that the guest may eat the food at the counter itself The covers are generally laid out on the counter ? Food is either displayed behind the counter for the guests to choose from, or is listed on a menu card or common drab board 40 GRILL ROOM SERVICE ? In this form of service various meats are grilled in front of the guest ? The meats may be displayed behind a glass partition or well decorated counter so that the guest can select his exact cut of meat ? The food comes pre-plated 41 BREAKFAST SERVICES There are basically two types of breakfast offered in hotels and restaurants The Continental Breakfast and the English Breakfast ? The Continental Breakfast originated in Europe It is a light meal as the Europeans normally have a heavy mid-day meal ? The English breakfast is heavy and is a major meal of the day A traditional English breakfa st runs into six or seven courses 42 BUTLER SERVICE ? Similar to Russian service Guests serve themselves Offered from left side for food ? ? Counterclockwise Serving fork and spoon used by guest. BUTLERED SERVICE ? Waiters pass hors doeuvres or beverages from trays Similarly to how a butler would wait on guests in a private home. ? Elegant option, especially as guests wont have to wait in line to get a drink, and it will remind them of the options available to them ? Requires slightly more staff than stationary hors doeuvres and a bartender 44 COMPROMISE SERVICE ? This is a combination of the very formal Russian and the English ? Part of the food (usually the salad and dessert) is served from the kitchen and part is served at the table with the host or hostess dishing up the main course There is still the presence of service staff

Colonial Peru: History Takes a Dramatic Turn

It is hard to realize that historical accounts such as these could be so matter to and actually reeks of scandals that could match any advanced(a) day soap opera could muster on television. The relationships, espousals, litigation and the drama are intensely strewn as each(prenominal) turn of events heat up. Noting old romance records and letters narrating the liveness of Francisco Noguerol de Ulloa, we run jokenesses to his unwitting marriage to cardinal women transformed into the main plot of Alexandra and Noble fastens book Good corporate trust and honest Ignorance (1991).In the novel type historical account, the story begins as Noguerol receives a letter one day from his 2 sisters, who are nuns in a Benedictine convent.Doa Yns and Doa Ynsa Francisca, nuns in the Benedictine convent of San Pedro de las Dueas, had corresponded occasionally with their brother who resided in Peru. simply the mail was slow and undependable. This time they wrote to guarantee Francisco that his married woman, Doa Beatriz de Villasur, had died, and to reprimand him for neglecting his own family. They desired, above all else, his return (p. 7).Apparently, his cardinal sisters schemed to convince their brother to go back home, telling him that his wife, Doa Beatriz de Villasur had died. Rather than going home, Noguerol took a new wife, Doa Catalina de Vergara, in a grand ceremony among knights and large number of much authority and quality. But when the contented couple did return to Spain, they were greeted with a royal litigation non only was Noguerols start-off wife was still alive, superpower Philip II wanted him arrested for bigamy.This sparked the beginning of a complicated good drama in the 16th century Latin America that trailed all the way to the Vatican, where pope Paul IV decreed that Noguerol could lionize his second wife. As the story unfolds, the readers are treated to a dose of bickering lawyers and sexual intrigueincluding a lengthy debate o ver whether Noguerol first had carnal intercourse with first wife or second wife.We could draw push through from the book near colonial Perus adherence to marriage customs, such as the endowment of dowry by the wifes family. Francisco Noguerols first marriage demonstrates the importance of the dowry and is an prototype of the arranged marriage that was rampant during those times. In the story, we score learned that as a teenaged man in Spain, Noguerol agreed in a marriage arranged by his mother once morest his will. To witThe marriage between Francisco and Beatriz had been arranged by their families. It was a business transaction between a wealthy merchandiser and less affluent gentry, where personal wishes of the young people about to be linked were not considered relevant. Doa Costanza, a widow of only four-spot years, settled a modest annuity on the young couple, exclusively her sons allure lay in his status.The Noguerols descended from a notable family in Galicia and co uld cl azoic be categorized as hidalgos. Cristval de Santander was a merchant who could afford to endow his daughter with an enticing sum in order to attract a husband with a higher social standing. The parents had negotiated a inversely satisfying deal, and their children could only dutifully accept the terms.Francisco had protested Beatriz had remained silent. They were betrothed, and the reluctant groom sweetened his fate with the delectable dowry. On 21 December 1530 Francisco Noguerol de Ulloa, who must have been about twenty years old, acknowledged to have received from Cristval de Santander my father-in-law 30,000 maravedis for the dowry and marriage that you have promised me, and that you have agreed to go against with Doa Beatriz de Villasur, your daughter and my spouse. On 29 January 1532 Francisco accepted another 1,000 reales of silver that are worth 34,000 maravedis, that I receive as partial allowance of the dowry, (p. 43).After receiving a substantial dowry, Noguer ol left for America, where he played a role in the Peruvian civil war and amassed a good-sized fortune. Noguerols second marriage was by his own choice and especially his wifes choice, but it further demonstrates the importance of prop for marriage. In his second marriage, Francisco received another large sum of specieDoa Catalina de Vergara had agreed to marry Francisco Noguerol with the hold back that he would take her back to Spain and even extracted an oath to that effect from her suitor. On the fifth day of October of 1549, the groom sign-language(a) a receipt for all the goods Doa Catalina was bringing as dowry, worth some 3,105,000 maravedis (p. 25).Before he was slapped with a bigamy suit, Noguerol did not know that his first wife is still alive. He married again in Peru some(prenominal) years after he received letters from his two sisters, who were nuns in Spain. They erroneously conscious him that his first wife had died. Though neither spouse was in any way coerced i nto this marriage, both were careful to choose a marriage partner with fitted property to constitute an excellent match. But, it turns out the wives were the ones who gave large sums of money to the man they chose to marry.As soon as she learned that her husband had remarried. Dona Beatriz de Villasur initiated the dramatic bigamy suit after Noguerol began last(a) his affairs in Peru and had sent a substantial amount of money to be invested in Spain, thereby alerting her and her relatives to his present prosperity.The suit was first litigated in the first place the Council of the Indies prior to Noguerols arrival in Spain. When he returned, he went to the ecclesiastical approach to have his first marriage annulled. The suits and countersuits lasted several years and included a long period in which Noguerol was imprisoned and not permitted to live with his second wife. The Council of the Indies finally prevaild in favor of Dona Beatriz, declaring Noguerol a bigamist. He was fin ed and exiled from several Spanish cities for several years, but he was not legitimate to return to his first wife.During that time, records such as administrative documents, the proceedings of the judiciary, and the minutes of both Andean and Spanish cabildos (town councils)were to a fault utilitarian, especially when analyzed document by document specifically to compare Andean and Spanish views. Punishments for bigamy could be as heavy and could even cost the life of the offender. One person, Don Juan, cacique of Collique, offered buried treasure to the Spanish official who wanted him hanged for bigamy. He successfully tricked the Spanish, at least for a short while, by sending another woman in the place of his favorite mistress to the home of a good Christian woman for religious instruction (Ramirez, 1996).During the two and a half(prenominal) centuries in which the Peruvian inquisition functioned (from 1570 to 1820), some forty autos da f were held. In these ceremonies, the m aximum punishments relajacin (delivery to secular authorities) or last were enforced as was forced expiation with the Catholic Church. Of the three thousand persons probably tried during the entire history of the Lima tribunal, only 48 were condemned. to trim at the stake.The classic and always useful Historia del tribunal de la Inquisicin de Lima first published by Jos Toribio Medina in 1887 contains a statistical epitome of crimes listed most often in the search records. Heading the list is bigamy (20 percent of the cases) practicing the Jewish faith (17 percent) witchery (12 percent) heresy (10 percent) and solicitation by clergymen (7 percent) (see Medina 1956, 2406-7). The star posture of bigamy can be explained by the great distance, the lengthy separations, and the difficulties in communicating that made the New World a likely setting for the proliferation of marital ties (Hampe-Martinez, 1996).Paulino Castaeda Delgado and Pilar Hernndez Aparicio (1985) explored th e development of bigamy trials over the two and a half centuries of the Lima tribunal. They pointed out considerations of a canonical nature in the treatment of marriage and polygamy by the Catholic Church, above all during the Counter-Reformation.These authors demo that double marriages were more common in the Indies than in Spain, a phenomenon readily explained by the distance, lengthy stays, and difficulty in communicating from the New World. Like the witchcraft trials, the number of bigamy cases increased progressively in the jurisdiction of the Lima search. Between 1700 and 1820, these two misdeeds represented almost half of all cases tried.In Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance, Doa Catalina, who is the second wife, sought the needed favorable ecclesiastical ruling for Francisco. Thus, the couple appealed to the Papacy and they were indue a Papal brief. The Pope and the Salamanca overblown judge ruled in favor of Noguerol and Dona Catalina, returning them to married life tog ether. Regarding marriage, Church law was more fibrous than civil law.The authors found documentation for money sent much later to a member of the Roman curia, which suggests that the favorable Papal brief may have been influenced by a venal infraling. When Francisco Noguerol died, Doa Beatriz again sued Doa Catalina for the return of her dowry and half the joint earnings. The ecclesiastical court reversed their judgment and ruled in her favor. Rather than continue the litigation that might endanger her grandsons inheritance, Dona Catalina offered to settle out of court and paid Dona Beatriz an amount much larger than the original dowry.In the book, the legal position of women in Spanish colonial society had been featured. These were established by codes written in the thirteenth century (the Siete Partidas ) and the early sixteenth century (the Leyes de Toro ) and was reinforced by a corporate view of society that equated the authority of the paterfamilias in the nuclear family w ith that of the king in the monarchical state. In the public sphere, women could not vote, become lawyers or judges, or hold public office (Arrom, 1985).Married women needed the permission of their husbands to engage in many transactions, including purchasing or disposing of property, lending or acquire money, and forming business partnerships. In terms of inheritance under Spanish law, daughters and sons inherited equal shares of their parents property, and a widow mostly received half of the couples community property on the death of her husband. Any dowry a woman brought to a marriage legally reverted to her when her husband died or if the marriage was legally dissolved. Until that time, however, the husband could sell the dowry and could keep any interest that it earned (Zulawski, 1990).In Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance, we could draw out the rule before that in the matter of accusation of their own children, womens rights were limited. Only the father could give consen t for a child to marry, and a widow became her own childs legal guardian only if her husband had not named anyone else in his will.For their work, Cook and Cook have woven a commendable picture of marriage, relationships, litigation and the status of women in 16th century Spain and Peru. Packing it with scores of historical accounts and careful presentation of arguments, we could visualize both sides of the story as seen in the documents themselves and resisting the temptation to speculate without convert evidence. However, there have been parts that felt up short. Like the analysis of the Papal brief that countered the ruling of the Council of the Indies when they favored Noguerol. But, all in all, the work is commendable because the unanticipated decision make the readers forget that we are reading historical accounts, which are usually boring. The writing style is exciting as it definitely intrigues it its readers to finish the story till the end.Works CitedArrom, S.A. The Wom en of Mexico City, 1790-1857, Stanford, Calif. Stanford University Press 1985, p. 77.Castaeda, P.H. and Aparicio, P.H. The crimes of bigamy in the Inquisition of Lima, Missionalia Hispanica, Madrid, vol. 42, no. 24174, 1985.Cook, A. P. and Cook, N.D. Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance A Case of Transatlantic Bigamy. Duke University Press, 1991Hampe-Martinez, T. Recent Works on the Inquisition and Peruvian Colonial Society, 1570-1820, Latin American Research Review, vol. 31, 1996Ramrez, S.E. The World Upside down Cross-Cultural Contact and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Peru, Stanford University, 1996 Zulawski, A. Social Differentiation, Gender, and Ethnicity Urban Indian Women in Colonial Bolivia, 1640-1725, Latin American Research Review, vol. 25, no. 2, 1990Colonial Peru History Takes a Dramatic TurnIt is hard to realize that historical accounts such as these could be so intriguing and actually reeks of scandals that could match any modern day soap opera could muster on television. The relationships, marriage, litigation and the drama are intensely strewn as each turn of events heat up. Noting old court records and letters narrating the life of Francisco Noguerol de Ulloa, we become witnesses to his unwitting marriage to two women transformed into the main plot of Alexandra and Noble Cooks book Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance (1991).In the novel type historical account, the story begins as Noguerol receives a letter one day from his two sisters, who are nuns in a Benedictine convent.Doa Yns and Doa Ynsa Francisca, nuns in the Benedictine convent of San Pedro de las Dueas, had corresponded occasionally with their brother who resided in Peru. But the mail was slow and undependable. This time they wrote to tell Francisco that his wife, Doa Beatriz de Villasur, had died, and to reprimand him for neglecting his own family. They desired, above all else, his return (p. 7).Apparently, his two sisters schemed to convince their brother to go back home, telling him th at his wife, Doa Beatriz de Villasur had died. Rather than going home, Noguerol took a new wife, Doa Catalina de Vergara, in a grand ceremony among knights and people of much authority and quality. But when the happy couple did return to Spain, they were greeted with a royal litigation not only was Noguerols first wife was still alive, King Philip II wanted him arrested for bigamy. This sparked the beginning of a complicated legal drama in the 16th century Latin America that trailed all the way to the Vatican, where Pope Paul IV decreed that Noguerol could keep his second wife. As the story unfolds, the readers are treated to a dose of bickering lawyers and sexual intrigueincluding a lengthy debate over whether Noguerol first had carnal intercourse with first wife or second wife.We could draw out from the book about colonial Perus adherence to marriage customs, such as the endowment of dowry by the wifes family. Francisco Noguerols first marriage demonstrates the importance of the d owry and is an example of the arranged marriage that was rampant during those times. In the story, we have learned that as a young man in Spain, Noguerol agreed in a marriage arranged by his mother against his will. To witThe marriage between Francisco and Beatriz had been arranged by their families. It was a business transaction between a wealthy merchant and less affluent gentry, where personal wishes of the young people about to be linked were not considered relevant. Doa Costanza, a widow of only four years, settled a modest annuity on the young couple, but her sons allure lay in his status. The Noguerols descended from a notable family in Galicia and could clearly be categorized as hidalgos. Cristval de Santander was a merchant who could afford to endow his daughter with an enticing sum in order to attract a husband with a higher social standing.The parents had negotiated a mutually satisfying deal, and their children could only dutifully accept the terms. Francisco had protest ed Beatriz had remained silent. They were betrothed, and the reluctant groom sweetened his fate with the delectable dowry. On 21 December 1530 Francisco Noguerol de Ulloa, who must have been about twenty years old, acknowledged to have received from Cristval de Santander my father-in-law 30,000 maravedis for the dowry and marriage that you have promised me, and that you have agreed to give with Doa Beatriz de Villasur, your daughter and my spouse. On 29 January 1532 Francisco accepted another 1,000 reales of silver that are worth 34,000 maravedis, that I receive as partial payment of the dowry, (p. 43).After receiving a substantial dowry, Noguerol left for America, where he played a role in the Peruvian civil war and amassed a good-sized fortune. Noguerols second marriage was by his own choice and especially his wifes choice, but it further demonstrates the importance of property for marriage. In his second marriage, Francisco received another large sum of moneyDoa Catalina de Verga ra had agreed to marry Francisco Noguerol with the condition that he would take her back to Spain and even extracted an oath to that effect from her suitor. On the fifth day of October of 1549, the groom signed a receipt for all the goods Doa Catalina was bringing as dowry, worth some 3,105,000 maravedis (p. 25).Before he was slapped with a bigamy suit, Noguerol did not know that his first wife is still alive. He married again in Peru several years after he received letters from his two sisters, who were nuns in Spain. They erroneously informed him that his first wife had died. Though neither spouse was in any way coerced into this marriage, both were careful to choose a marriage partner with sufficient property to constitute an excellent match. But, it turns out the wives were the ones who gave large sums of money to the man they chose to marry.As soon as she learned that her husband had remarried. Dona Beatriz de Villasur initiated the dramatic bigamy suit after Noguerol began con cluding his affairs in Peru and had sent a substantial amount of money to be invested in Spain, thereby alerting her and her relatives to his present prosperity. The suit was first litigated before the Council of the Indies prior to Noguerols arrival in Spain. When he returned, he went to the ecclesiastical court to have his first marriage annulled. The suits and countersuits lasted several years and included a long period in which Noguerol was imprisoned and not permitted to live with his second wife. The Council of the Indies finally ruled in favor of Dona Beatriz, declaring Noguerol a bigamist. He was fined and exiled from several Spanish cities for several years, but he was not ordered to return to his first wife.During that time, records such as administrative documents, the proceedings of the judiciary, and the minutes of both Andean and Spanish cabildos (town councils)were also useful, especially when analyzed document by document specifically to compare Andean and Spanish vi ews. Punishments for bigamy could be as heavy and could even cost the life of the offender. One person, Don Juan, cacique of Collique, offered buried treasure to the Spanish official who wanted him hanged for bigamy. He successfully tricked the Spanish, at least for a short while, by sending another woman in the place of his favorite mistress to the home of a good Christian woman for religious instruction (Ramirez, 1996).During the two and a half centuries in which the Peruvian Inquisition functioned (from 1570 to 1820), some forty autos da f were held. In these ceremonies, the maximum punishments relajacin (delivery to secular authorities) or death were enforced as was forced reconciliation with the Catholic Church. Of the three thousand persons probably tried during the entire history of the Lima tribunal, only 48 were condemned. to burn at the stake.The classic and always useful Historia del tribunal de la Inquisicin de Lima first published by Jos Toribio Medina in 1887 contain s a statistical summary of crimes listed most often in the Inquisition records. Heading the list is bigamy (20 percent of the cases) practicing the Jewish faith (17 percent) witchcraft (12 percent) heresy (10 percent) and solicitation by clergymen (7 percent) (see Medina 1956, 2406-7). The leading position of bigamy can be explained by the great distance, the lengthy separations, and the difficulties in communicating that made the New World a likely setting for the proliferation of marital ties (Hampe-Martinez, 1996).Paulino Castaeda Delgado and Pilar Hernndez Aparicio (1985) explored the development of bigamy trials over the two and a half centuries of the Lima tribunal. They pointed out considerations of a canonical nature in the treatment of marriage and polygamy by the Catholic Church, above all during the Counter-Reformation. These authors demonstrated that double marriages were more common in the Indies than in Spain, a phenomenon readily explained by the distance, lengthy sta ys, and difficulty in communicating from the New World. Like the witchcraft trials, the number of bigamy cases increased progressively in the jurisdiction of the Lima Inquisition. Between 1700 and 1820, these two misdeeds represented almost half of all cases tried.In Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance, Doa Catalina, who is the second wife, sought the needed favorable ecclesiastical ruling for Francisco. Thus, the couple appealed to the Papacy and they were endowed a Papal brief. The Pope and the Salamanca apostolic judge ruled in favor of Noguerol and Dona Catalina, returning them to married life together. Regarding marriage, Church law was more powerful than civil law.The authors found documentation for money sent much later to a member of the Roman curia, which suggests that the favorable Papal brief may have been influenced by a venal underling. When Francisco Noguerol died, Doa Beatriz again sued Doa Catalina for the return of her dowry and half the joint earnings. The ecclesiast ical court reversed their judgment and ruled in her favor. Rather than continue the litigation that might endanger her grandsons inheritance, Dona Catalina offered to settle out of court and paid Dona Beatriz an amount much larger than the original dowry.In the book, the legal position of women in Spanish colonial society had been featured. These were established by codes written in the thirteenth century (the Siete Partidas ) and the early sixteenth century (the Leyes de Toro ) and was reinforced by a corporate view of society that equated the authority of the paterfamilias in the nuclear family with that of the king in the monarchical state. In the public sphere, women could not vote, become lawyers or judges, or hold public office (Arrom, 1985).Married women needed the permission of their husbands to engage in many transactions, including buying or disposing of property, lending or borrowing money, and forming business partnerships. In terms of inheritance under Spanish law, daug hters and sons inherited equal shares of their parents property, and a widow generally received half of the couples community property on the death of her husband. Any dowry a woman brought to a marriage legally reverted to her when her husband died or if the marriage was legally dissolved. Until that time, however, the husband could administer the dowry and could keep any interest that it earned (Zulawski, 1990).In Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance, we could draw out the rule before that in the matter of guardianship of their own children, womens rights were limited. Only the father could give consent for a child to marry, and a widow became her own childs legal guardian only if her husband had not named anyone else in his will.For their work, Cook and Cook have woven a commendable picture of marriage, relationships, litigation and the status of women in 16th century Spain and Peru. Packing it with lots of historical accounts and careful presentation of arguments, we could visualiz e both sides of the story as seen in the documents themselves and resisting the temptation to speculate without convincing evidence. However, there have been parts that felt short. Like the analysis of the Papal brief that countered the ruling of the Council of the Indies when they favored Noguerol. But, all in all, the work is commendable because the unexpected decision make the readers forget that we are reading historical accounts, which are usually boring. The writing style is exciting as it definitely intrigues it its readers to finish the story till the end.Works CitedArrom, S.A. The Women of Mexico City, 1790-1857, Stanford, Calif. Stanford University Press 1985, p. 77.Castaeda, P.H. and Aparicio, P.H. The crimes of bigamy in the Inquisition of Lima, Missionalia Hispanica, Madrid, vol. 42, no. 24174, 1985.Cook, A. P. and Cook, N.D. Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance A Case of Transatlantic Bigamy. Duke University Press, 1991Hampe-Martinez, T. Recent Works on the Inquisition an d Peruvian Colonial Society, 1570-1820, Latin American Research Review, vol. 31, 1996Ramrez, S.E. The World Upside down Cross-Cultural Contact and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Peru, Stanford University, 1996 Zulawski, A. Social Differentiation, Gender, and Ethnicity Urban Indian Women in Colonial

MBA admission

My long-term career goal is to roll in the hay a mellowed-tech company in the firmament of electronics and communications. With over six years of set about in the technical aspects of high-tech product development, I bring considerable technical k instantlyledge to this task, and hope to laudation this knowledge with a firm understanding of demarcation fundamentals provided by the McCombs School of Business.My personal ackground is no less of an asset, as it allows me to understand people and business issues from a unique and mature perspective. I grew up in India and obtained a Bachelors and a Masters degree in Electrical Science from Delhi University. After that I attended the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur and earned a second Masters degree in the field of laser technology. My professional career began in 1995 when I was hired by HCL-Hewlett Packard to run low on computer hardware design in an office outside of Delhi.It was my first direct experience with progressiv e technology and the exciting experience convinced e to pursue a career in the high-tech arena. Within nine months, I traveled to the Netherlands to work as a consultant for Tulip Computers NV, then the largest manufacturer of computers in Europe. After six months abroad, I returned to India but was soon transferred by my parent company to NCR society in South Carolina.Before I could be recalled, I left HCL-Hewlett Packard and looked for another Job since I had decided to settle in the United States. I worked in short for an ill-fated start-up, but left when the company moved its operations to China. I started my current position at American Megatrends, Inc. , (AM) in 1998 and brace been employed present for over three years. IVe been working on high-tech motherboard design and engender worked my way up to the position of team leader.AMI has offered me a unique opportunity I havent had in other positions the opportunity to participate in all the steps of product development. As a pure engineering company, AMI has virtually no high level management and the engineer is responsible for everything from product conception, to development, to manufacturing and marketing I have seized upon this opportunity and greatly expanded my understanding of product development beyond the design stage. I interact very closely with the manufacturing group and have come to understand production issues.Understanding how our products are mass produced at the plant, and especially how the milling machinery workers utilize the machines for manufacturing, has given me a perspective on human and material capital which will be of great use in management. I have also worked closely with the sales and marketing division, and have occasionally even traveled to customer sites. While I have gained much practical experience (both in terms of technology and in terms of leadership) through my work, I cannot see myself in the same position fifteen years from now.I want to fool my electronic s firm into a new direction and believe at tn this vision can best be accomplished trom a position ot management. I have realized from my six years of work experience that a strictly engineering background is not sufficient to enable me to reach my goals. A cash in ones chips understanding of business fundamentals, that can be obtained through the McCombs School of Business, will help me develop the management skills I need to analyze business situations and manage resources rationally.An MBA will build upon my practical experience and allow me to achieve a position of leadership. My personal struggle to obtain the life I have now has imbued me with an ambition to grow as an individual and to give back to the society that has given me so much. My practical work experience and unique outlook on life contribute toa compassionate leadership style and an ability to understand the needs of people from all levels of society.

Kashmir facing a natural disaster Essay

In natures biggest fury in six decades in the valley, more than 170 populate run through already lost their lives in the recent pig out that struck the indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Witnessing human terror since ages, the valley is under the threat of floods due to a week long incessant rain which is affecting the rescue operations as well. The rash Minister of India Narendra Modi on Sunday declared the situation a national-level disaster, and announced a special assistance of Rs 1,000 crores for the flood-hit state, from PMs relief fund.River Jhelum flowing 14 feet above the danger mark. Homes, military bases and hospitals inundated in the regions main city Srinagar as the Jhelum river overflowed its banks.Landslides triggered by heavy rainfall extradite damaged roads, dozens of bridges, buildings and crops. Land route has been stopped on the Jammu-Pathankot highway. The state government has closed all schools till September 7.Some 2,500 villages turn in been partially or completely submerged across the area, while thousands of people are stranded on rooftops waiting to be rescued. A temple being washed away by the force of the flood.While the National possibility Response Force teams have evacuated over 2700 victims to safer places, the Indian Air Force has also mounted massive relief efforts.Flood waters rose acutely overnight in Srinagar, a city of 900,000, catching many people living in low-lying areas unaware. This picture speaks volume about the prevailing flood conditions in the valley.The Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi taking an aerial survey of the flood affected region in the valley.Five days of incessant rains in Jammu and Kashmir have left at least 170 people dead in the regions worst flooding in more than six decades.Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday declared the situation a national-level disaster and announced a special assistance of Rs 1,000 crores for the flood-hit state besides Rs 2 lakhs remuneration from the Prime Ministers Relief Fund for the kin of the dead and Rs 50,000 for those seriously injured.Flood alert has been sounded in Srinagar , and all emergency services have been pressed into service to meet the eventuality of a flood. Two youths rescuing livestock from a flood hit area in Srinagar.

North American Civilization

North American Civilization Elizabeth Smith HIS 115 North American civilization began about 35,000 years ago in the time of the get ice age. A large destroy mass connecting Eurasia and Alaska brought the counterbalance autochthonic American ancestors into North America. As the Ice Age ended, the sea levels rose, submerging the land bridge into the Ocean, thus leaving the ancestors of the Native Americans deserted on a remote continent. After crossing the land bridge, the Native Americans increased and shaped a mixture of cultures and several civilizations. Early North American CulturesThe route from Siberia to Alaska led the first descendants as well as animals to this advanced land. Over some(prenominal) years, resolve broadened throughout America, Central, and South America of the first inhabitants (Axia College, 2010). These early Americans were nomadic. Hunting and gathering as the main source of surviving is how the first American civilizations grew and adapted to the lan d. The cultures of early Americans grew vastly, learning economic, social, and political skills. Early Americans adapted to the land by hunting the terrain and the water.Animals became a major source of nutrient as well as fish and other aquatic organisms. Native Americans had to adapt to the surroundings to strengthen their civilization. Many families organized male members to hunt and gather food to share with the neighboring settlements. Women also contributed to society. Agriculture dominated the role of the women. Planting, harvesting, and other domestic roles helped settlements to grow and flourish in their environments. Advancements in agriculture of Mesoamerica strengthened civilizations of numerous early Americans such as the Mayas and the Aztecs (Axia College, 2010).Cities developed, small villages, many languages, and cultures evolved through economic, religious, and political packagings. Essentially, an empire formed through the efforts of early civilizations however , new exploration from Europe would in brief expand North American civilization. Changes in European society fueled the need to discover new and vast lands. This great conquest began with the Portuguese in the forefront of discovery. The Portuguese created much advancement in shipbuilding, which helped with successful voyages into the Atlantic Ocean (Axia College, 2010).The voyages led to the discovery of Newfoundland as well as a new trade route along the African and Asian coasts. During this time, Europeans were eager to explore new routes for trade, as well as the possibility to expand land opportunities (Axia College, 2010). With the advancement of technology, economics, and political evolution, Europeans were eager to discover new lands for expansion. Factors such as overpopulation, religion, and government politics were creating situations for Europeans to explore the possibilities of transatlantic expansionism (Axia College, 2010).Spain dominated the first efforts of explora tion and colonization. Explorers such as Christopher Columbus, Hernando Cortez, and the Pizarro brothers, were the first to discover the new land of the Americas. As the Spanish continued to explore the civilizations of the Mayas and the Aztecs became dominated and conquered. Spanish colonization was easily established imputable to the diseases brought to the land, the Native Americans could not adapt to such sicknesses and therefore, the Spanish conquered Central and South America (Axia College, 2010).An Empire created, the Spanish soon convinced other Europeans to expand to settlement of the Americas. English expansionism became top priority of Queen Elizabeth I. English merchants, politicians, and reformation encouraged expansion and colonization of America. Many efforts took place however, English colonization did not issue forth until the later in the fifteenth century. Over a span of many of thousands of years, settlers of America migrated, adapted, and flourished with great societies.Early Americans traveled to the continent through the land bridge, forming an environment that flourished with great economic, political, and religious advancements. With new, land discoveries, the Spanish, Portuguese, and English colonized and explored the Americas with the ambition to produce new wealth, land, and religious freedoms from their own lands, thus expanding and colonizing across the Atlantic. Gutierrez act How and where are Native Americans presented on this map? Native Americans are presented on this map along the coasts of the Americas.Some were given descriptions of being cannibals, other societies were reflected as fuddled with temples and other riches, and others reflected the types of animals that inhabited the land. How might have the maps indication of where Native Americans lived strengthen European claims of sovereignty? The maps indication of Native American societies strengthened the European claims of sovereignty through its imperial claims. Wh at do the Spanish and French coats of arms in the upper left hand coign of the map represent?The Spanish and French coat of arms in the upper left hand corner of the map represents the treaties of Cateau Cambresis signed between Spain, France, France, and England in 1559, which brought peace to Europe. What does the Portuguese coat of arms in the cast down right corner of the map represent? The Portuguese coat of arms in the lower right corner of the map represents Portugals fleet off the Coast of Africa, which is dominating the southern Atlantic. Reference Axia College. (2010). Week One Overview. Retrieved February 21, 2010, from Axia College, Week One, rEsource. HIS115U. S. History to 1865 rail Website.

Is the Constitution a Living Document

Is the Constitution a vivacious document? Well the meaning of the sustentation document is the provisions by which it whitethorn be altered in order to remain current, address out of the blue(predicate) circumstances and make legal provisions for those accordingly. By being a living document, the Constitution has grown and expanded, and now ensures women and minorities the right to vote among many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) different things. Most justices agree that the writers of the Constitution prudently chose to write this document in prevalent terms so that modern-day justices can still apply its precepts to a world with changing laws, attitudes, and conditions through successive generations.Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes first advanced the concept of a living Constitution in 1920 in his opinion on the case, moment VS Holland. A second, and more controversial, view of a living Constitution contends that when the elected legislative and administrative agents of the gove rnment fail to redress a wrong or solve a resolveicular social problem, then the courts may act to palliate the situation through the process of judicial review. Our written Constitution, the document chthonian glass in the National Archives, was adopted 220 years ago. It can be amended, simply the amendment process is very difficult.The most important amendments were added to the Constitution almost a century and a half ago, in the wake of the Civil War, and since that time many of the amendments have dealt with relatively minor matters. The American Constitution is long-lived, has enduring qualities, and was think for many decades. The living document was founded on enduring principles, and was based on the office of a people who are sovereign has been attested to by many of its leaders. That it can be changed when, and if, the people ordain such change is a part of its own provisions. For these reasons, it can be said to be a hold Constitution.Is the Constitution a Living DocumentIs the Constitution a living document? Well the meaning of the living document is the provisions by which it may be altered in order to remain current, address unforeseen circumstances and make legal provisions for those accordingly. By being a living document, the Constitution has grown and expanded, and now ensures women and minorities the right to vote among many other things. Most justices agree that the writers of the Constitution prudently chose to write this document in general terms so that modern-day justices can still apply its precepts to a world with changing laws, attitudes, and conditions through successive generations.Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes first advanced the concept of a living Constitution in 1920 in his opinion on the case, Missouri VS Holland. A second, and more controversial, view of a living Constitution contends that when the elected legislative and administrative agents of the government fail to redress a wrong or solve a particular social prob lem, then the courts may act to remedy the situation through the process of judicial review. Our written Constitution, the document under glass in the National Archives, was adopted 220 years ago. It can be amended, but the amendment process is very difficult.The most important amendments were added to the Constitution almost a century and a half ago, in the wake of the Civil War, and since that time many of the amendments have dealt with relatively minor matters. The American Constitution is long-lived, has enduring qualities, and was intended for many decades. The living document was founded on enduring principles, and was based on the authority of a people who are sovereign has been attested to by many of its leaders. That it can be changed when, and if, the people ordain such change is a part of its own provisions. For these reasons, it can be said to be a Living Constitution.

Encountering Conflict Sample Essay Essay

Prompt It is the victims of deviation who memorialise us what is really distinguishedWhen encountering conflict, victims usually do tend to display what our priorities are. But what is considered to be really important? Morals and ethics could be considered essential when encountering conflict as they allow us to shed light on a conflict by doing the refine thing. This do-nothing include showing attributes such as honesty and justice. For the most part, victims of conflict show us what is morally right and just by their actions. However, thither are some exceptions to this. There at generation when victims of conflict can be influenced by former(a)s to discriminate from what is sincerely yours important, and directed to obtaining gratification instead. Furthermore, those who initiate the conflict tend to have different priorities, quite a translucent from what we may consider important, and so they tend to not display what is really important in the eye of others.Victims o f conflict can show us how moral philosophy and ethics are what is important. A clear employment of this in history can be seen by the actions of African-American woman, Rosa Parkes. On Thursday, December 1, 1955, park was sitting in the front-most row for black people. When a Caucasian man boarded the bus, the bus number one wood told everyone in her row to move back to create a new row for the whites. While all of the other black people in her row complied, Parks refused, and was arrested for failing to obey the drivers cigarette assignments, as city ordinances did not explicitly mandate segregation but did give the bus driver authority to assign seats. Found guilty on December 5 Parks was fined $10 addition a court cost of $4, but she appealed. Her brave actions however showed the world how justice and equality is important and morally right. Rosa Parks changed the way America discriminated against the blacks and is now considered one of the pioneers of the civil rights movem ent.Other factors of morals and ethics which are considered important by most can include honesty and righteousness when encountering conflict. This is clear portrayed in the film A Separation by Asghar Farhadi. The film is involved around a conflict between the families of Nader and Hodjat. When both families are at court trying to seek justice, the victims of theconflict could be considered to be the children, who were being affected by the struggle but had no direct involvement in it. When questioned by the judge, both families distorted the rightfulness, or but lied in coiffure to win the dispute. Termeh, the eleven year-old daughter of Nader however, portrays what was really important at the time. When Termeh is swayed to lie in court in order to value her father, she is shown crying in the film.This inner struggle within her shows us that what was truly important was to tell the truth in order to solve the conflict. Her lying in court only exacerbated the situation even further, gum olibanum demonstrating how a victim of conflict although influenced to do the wrong thing, did show us what is truly important. Additionally, Termeh is shown multiple times in the film, questioning her father of whether or not he was telling the truth about the impinge on of Raziehs baby. Her moral values of honesty and integrity eventually cause Nader to confess the truth. This again is some other example of a victim of conflict, showing us what is really important. It could be said that only the victims of conflict show us what is really important.This is because those who benefit from or initiate conflict often have priorities quite distinct from what we might consider important thus they dont show us what is truly important. In the film A Separation, both Nader and Razieh constantly lie in court in order to save themselves from justice. Nader is shown to say he did not push Razieh out of his house, and Razieh is shown multiple times motto Nader caused the death of her unborn baby. In their mind, what is important is to save themselves from being punished due to their wrong doings. What is truly important however, is justice and morals. Because both these individuals commenced the conflict, they do not show us what is really important.IT is genuine that victims of conflict can show us what is important. However, although they can, it does not mean they always do. Victims of conflict can be influenced by the more powerful to do the wrong thing and thus be directed forward from seeking what is important. In the film A Separation, Termeh, a victim of conflict, although wanting to do the right thing, is influenced by her fathers wrong actions and thus is almost forced into lying in order to protect Nader from his wrong doings. Although Termeh seeks to be honest, there at times when victims are influenced and as a result,they simply divert from showing us what is really important.In general, although with some exceptions, victims of conflict tend to show us what is important by standing up or simply seeking morals and ethics when encountering conflict. This can be seen by the real-life example of Rosa Parkes, a woman who seeked justice and equality. Additionally, it can be seen in multiple scenes in the film A Separation, where the children (the victims) show us that morals and ethical doings is what is truly important at all times.

Columbia Capital Structure

Some other risk factors include substantial cyclical fluctuation, the effects of unseasonable bear conditions, and the popularity of the outdoor activities. In order to minimize the negative impacts on this business, the company started a series Of strategic initiatives, such as product innovation program, new multi-channel and multi-country direct-to-consumer platform, information management and their enhanced marketing efforts. alone those improvement and implementation involve significant investment in SO&A expenses and its fixed cost.Thus it is all-important(a) to look back and evaluate their current bang-up structure and payout policies to exam whether the company would start on carrying debt or whether they have residual cash return to their investors. Despite Columbians regular dividend payouts and stock repurchases, they does not celebrate a healthy cash and short-term investment ba transmit. According to the financial data provided in yearbook Report, the major financ ing needs include capital expenditures, works capital expenses, stock buybacks, and dividend payouts. In 201 1 , Columbia spent $78 zillion in capital expenditure and $92. Million in working capital investments which was increased from $29 million and $78. 9 million from last year. even though the companys realize income increases over time, they have generated negative free cash flow for both fiscal year of 2011 and 2010 with just about $14. 6 million and $53 million respectively. Currently, the company sales short-term investments to finance those capital expenditures which should not be a long term strategy as the company only has $2. 9 million short-term investments sitting on the balance sheet at the end of 2011.If the company maintains its favorableness and its capital structure as the end of Fiscal year 2010, Columbia will have significant financial difficulties to meet capital expenditure requirement and will have emitted resources for distribution to investors in the fo rm of a cash dividend and stock repurchases with current payout rate. In conclusion, Columbia may need to seek additional funding. Even though, historically the company have limited their reliance on debt to finance their working capital, capital expenditures and place activity requirements.We suggest that the company need to revise their capital structure policy by change magnitude debt to finance the business activities. Debt not only can provide coverage for any general be and unforeseen expenses, it in addition serves as a tax shield allowing more capital to be operational to investors. The assumption here is that the company can earn more in tax savings from borrowed notes than it pays in interest expenses and fees on these funds. As shown in Exhibit X, Columbians WAC hit a minimum of 6. 6% at 30% debt ratio, or debt to equity ratio of 0. 3. As the graph illustrates below, less than 30% debt or debt beyond 40% cause WAC to increase. Also, the PEPS and ROE increase compar ed to the current 100% equity model. In a business, debt is a two-edged sword. Aggressive use of leverage increases the amount of financial resources available for growth, expansion, and payout for investors. But if Columbia adopts a highly leveraged capital structure policy, it may find its freedom of action restricted by its creditors and its profitability may hurt as a result of paying high interest expenses.It may also affect the companys profitability and liquidity when the business has trouble meeting Operating and debt liabilities during unfavorable economic conditions. Additionally, in addition much debt versus equity would potentially affects business credit rating, which is the evaluation of a companys ability to repay principle and interest on debt obligations. Since the company do not have much experience on carrying debt on their lance sheet, we recommend the company to start the process slow.

Marriages are Made in Heaven

Wearing the school uniform, Yu arrived at the food shop operated by her parents in Taichung. Mom, said Yu, arrest me a sandwich for lunch quick please Im going to be late. So why didnt you beat your lunch in school? You wont be late if you did do so The induce mumbled. Im sorry. Yu dared not to get by with her generate. After fetching the sandwich, she had to rush to school in a hurry. Shes only young once. That year she was a seventeen-year-old girl in Taiwan.That was a sunny day. When Yu was on her way infrastructure, she saw a group of state filming movie in the street. Action A man with sun-glasses sh stunneded. Driven by curiosity, Yu s in additiond aside and watched. curtly a man came into her sight he was ordinary and was ab let on twenty something long time old. He sit on the stairs nearby for taking a rest. Yu noticed that he hurt his leg. He was shed blood Being always kind-hearted, she went in front of the man, gave him a tissue paper and then asked him softly, a r you very well? Thanks, The man nodded and smiled, Im fine. It doesnt matter. It was about half past six already. Yu could not go back home too late or else she would be punished, I need to go now bye Bye, the man responded. What a get laidly girl he thought.It had been single week since the day Yu met the man. From that day onward, Yu went and watched the movie filming aft(prenominal) school everyday. She did enjoy watching it. But, somehow she found that chatting with that man named capital of Minnesota was indeed often to a greater extent fun.Yu, why are you so late again? mother asked. Sorry mom, Yu answered, I have so m either things to do in school these eld. Yu returned to her bedroom, writing her diaryWatching the movie filming after school has become part of my daily life Paul is so humorous He told me split of things today. Surprisingly, he was born in a poor family in Hong Kong this made him not to have the come across of studying in secondary school. Therefore , he started working when he was just about 14 years old. With relative low educational level but has a great bashledge in Chinese kung fu, he applied for the movie stunt man Well I think Pauls life is extra-ordinary. By the way, he got much better now. I mean the new cut on his hand has cured up already Thanks God Besides, hePaul gave a bunch of red roses to Yu. joyous birthday he said. Yu was glad, thank you so much This is my first time receiving flowers Yu, Paul felt a bit embarrassed, Could I have dinner with you tonight? Sure Yu answered, But let me go home and get dressed first. Okay. I go forthing wait for you in front of the Good Luck Restaurant. natter you Paul said.Yu was really excited. Paul always gave her a surprise. He was great. So far, he was the only one who would fail her such special feelings. Mom, Yu said, I need to go out for dinner With whom? mother wondered, And why? We have prepared something to celebrate your birthday already With my whizs I mean my classmates. They have booked a table in the restaurant to celebrate with me, thats why I couldnt refuse them. I promise you, I volition go back home before ten oclock and then celebrate with you again Yu went out of her bedroom. She was already dressed and prepared to go out, I need to go now. Bye mom She went out quickly, leaving her mother looking at the bunch of roses questioningly, Whats going on with my daughter?Paul and Yu were sit at the table near the windows of the Good Luck Restaurant. Yu, do you know it has been thirty-three days since I first met you. Paul said. Oh you still remember? Yu was delighted. Yes I do. I remember every moment beingness with you always. They smiled, looking at to each one other. After that Paul abased his head, actually, the movie filming is going to finish indoors these few days. Oh where will you go then? Yu was nervous. I will go back to Hong Kong I may not canvas you in the near future. Therefore, I want to put you something importa nt before I leave Paul said it seriously, Yu, I dont want to be your friend What? Yu didnt understand. Paul fixed his eyeball on Yu, I mean, I want to be your boyfriend Boy boyfriend? Yes. Because I love you truly love you that I can no longer treat you as my ordinary friendTime was still. It seemed that they were the only two people in the whole worldYu had got into a big trouble. Those days without Paul were lengthy and lonely. Every time when she thought of the time being with Paul, every time when she thought of the words Paul told her on her birthday, every time when she thought of the promise made by Paul it was really a kind of torture Nothing would be sadder than two people who love each other so much being separated. Paul had gone for nearly a year already. In these days, Yu could only communicate with him by writing letters. If it was possible, Yu would phone him. They missed each other a covey and their love never stopped growing.Sometimes, when Yu was in a weak moment, she wondered if the blood between her and Paul could take place long. Paul was in Hong Kong whereas she was in Taiwan. She promised him she would write many many letters to him, but was it enough to honour their love? Would their love be a soon got, soon gone one? He promised her he would marry her when he got enough money, but was it a joke? Would it be fulfilled? Hardly could Yu see her future through a mist. Anyway she would wait for Paul.Yus mother noticed her daughters suspicious acts, having checked her daughters diary and letters, she knew that her daughter had fallen in love with a guy called Paul. She started questioning and arguing with Yu, tell me she shouted at Yu, who is Paul? You think that I know nothing else right? Yu was angry too, I want to ask you too Why did you read my diary and letters without asking me? You never watch over me Yu cried, I dont understand why you never give me the freedom to do what I want to doMother bemused. Never could she think that he r daughter would talk to her in this way. The cold war between Yu and her mother thus broke out. They stopped talking to each other for nearly half month. Yus father, who was always a clam but a mind reader, understood everything clearly and tried to do something rebuilding the relationship between Yu and her mother.Yu, father told her, you should tell your mother what you feel. And, if it can be done, introduce that guy to your mom. Yu was worried, Paul will come to Taiwan again next week. He said, hes going to marry me And do you wish to? Are you sure? Marry in haste, and repent at leisure Yus father was shocked, but he unploughed calm. I did think about it deeply before. Yu said, Marriage is a lottery. Once you meet your Mr. Right, you should not give him up. I truly know what I am doing, what I am looking for. So bring him here, Father promised, I will always support you.A tense atmosphere.Sitting on the sofa, mother stared at Paul. Yu told me that you are a movie stunt man? Y es auntie Paul answered politely. Maintaining a family is not easy. It is the responsibility for a man to take exhaustively care of his family provide all the best for his family you know what I mean? I have stable salaries. And, I live in a level in Hong Kong with my mom though its not very big. I have the ability to take good care of my family Im sure, though Im not rich Paul stressed. So have you studied in any university or any secondary school? Mother was being so mean. No, Paul replied, but I dont think that its a big problem at least, I can earn a existent now Fine. Do you think that Yu can accommodate herself to a strange place? If she goes to Hong Kong with you I will Yus mother couldnt control her emotion. She was in tears. Mom, Yu also melt into tears, I know you love me so much But the point is, I dont want to marry a person that I know that I can live with I only want to marry someone that I cannot live withoutIn silence. Yus father touched her wife on the shoulder, let her go she has the right to choose.In the wedding ceremony, the groom and the bridge were a good copulate. Yu, Paul said, I will make a good check off for you. Yu smiled, later, I can prove to my dad and mom that, I had made a good match too.This is the end of this story. However, it is just a new start between Paul and Yu. Their own story will continue, until the end of their lives.

American Muslims Essay

What is a subculture? In studies of heathen subjects , a subculture is defined as a recognizable or definable group of like-minded individuals within the larger more diverse American culture. American culture itself is famous for its immense transmutation and constant expansion. But within this culture many people atomic number 18 of different races and backgrounds fermenting the various subcultures. Subcultures argon most commonly formed on the basis of ethnimetropolis, religion, race, or even class.America has a huge migrant community that includes people from Latin America, South America, Africa and Asia, among many others. People from similar ethnic backgrounds thence tend to form groups for social interaction, based on their common background, and thus on common cultural practices, traditions, and more generally, just a similar lifestyle. People from the same religion form subcultures based on their common beliefs, and thus common spectral practices and religious events. Individuals from the same race too often form subcultures based on their similar ancestry.And social class and status tends to form other subcultures, dividing society into the sizable and the struggling. Subcultures be often quite different from the dominant culture. Such a subculture is then termed a counterculture. many scholars also agree that subcultures give a incuring of identity and belonging to the people forming it. about though believe that subcultures are an expression of going against the dominant culture. They are considered negative because of they do not let in the common diverse culture. Subcultures thus bring like-minded people together.But most importantly, the people forming subcultures feel separated from society, or find it unable to relate to it. Whatever the cause may be, subcultures are considered calumniatory to society as a whole, creating groups abide bying there own laws, regardless of the dominant or sure social standards. Subcultures can be ide ntified in the form of characteristic clothing, language, music, style, aesthetics, political views and way of life. American Muslims form a large part of the general American culture, and are up to almost 7 million in number.Islam is the fastest growing religion in the country. American Muslims in fact are a subculture based on religion. The individuals themselves are form different countries like India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Bangladesh, the Middle East, Africa and many others. This finical subculture is quite distinguishable mainly because of the common religious practices. The Mosque or the Masjid is the place of worshippers, and the centre were religious prayers, and occasions are held. The Mosque is also often a place of shelter for the poor.But the primary execute of the mosque is for prayer. The followers are called to pray five times a day by the Azan. The Muslims also fall in a month of fasting called Ramadan, at the end of which is celebration called Eid. This event is probably the most merry, and officious event of the year, when Muslims of all ages greet each other, and wish each other a happy eid. Muslims follow the lunar calendar, where the month begins with sighting the moon. Another tradition is that of an annual sacrifice.On this occasion, a goat, cow or even a camel is sacrificed in the name of god. The sacrifice is carried out after the pilgrimage. The Holy Kaaba in the city of Mecca is believed to be the House of God, and this pilgrimage is carried out in the last month of the Islamic calendar. But apart(predicate) from these basic rituals, most Muslims follow many other subtle religious rules. One of these is related to food. intellectual nourishment is classified as either eatable, and clean, or unclean. Clean food is that which the religion allows, while unclean the ane religion does not allow.Pork in particular is considered unclean. In fact, more and more American restaurants are beginning to offer a category of h alal food that is, clean food for their Muslim customers. Most importantly, the holy view as of the Muslims is the Quran, which is a book that has almost all aspects of life. It explains the Islamic laws and rules to be followed. And finally, Muslims believe prophesier Muhammad to be the last prophet of God. The religion in fact is centered on the holy book and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad.

Finance Management Essay

In a world without FIs the workrs of embodied neckcloths in the providence would pee-pee to approach instantly the base savers of funds in order to satisfy their borrowing needs. This do by would be extremely costly because of the up-front cultivation cost faced by potential pass binglers. Cost inefficiencies would wax with the identification of potential borrowers, the pooling of comminuted savings into loans of sufficient size to finance corporate activities, and the assessment of gamble and fit outment opportunities.More all over, make forers would exhaust to monitor the activities of borrowers over each loans life span. The exonerate impart would be an imperfect apportioning of resources in an economy. 3. Identify and explain three economic disincentives that probably would dampen the escape of funds between class savers of funds and corporate users of funds in an economic world without pecuniary intermediaries. Investors generally ar slow to buying securi ties straightway because of (a) monitoring cost, (b) fluidness be, and (c) price risk.Monitoring the activities of borrowers requires extensive time, expense, and expertise. As a result, households would prefer to leave this activity to otherwise(a)s, and by definition, the resulting lack of monitoring would increase the riskiness of trusting in corporate debt and equity markets. The long-term nature of corporate equity and debt would likely eliminate at least a portion of those households exiting to lend money, as the preference of many for near-cash liquidity would dominate the extra returns which whitethorn be available.Third, the price risk of deeds on the alternate markets would increase without the information flows and services generated by high volume. 4. Identify and explain the two lives in which FIs may circumscribedize that enable the smooth flow of funds from household savers to corporate users. FIs coiffe as conduits between users and savers of funds by p roviding a brokerage function and by engaging in the addition transformation function. The brokerage function can turn a profit both savers and users of funds and can vary according to the firm.FIs may provide wholly transaction services, such(prenominal) as discount brokerages, or they also may offer advisory services which help disgrace information cost, such as full-line firms like Merrill Lynch. The asset transformation function is accomplished by yield their own securities, such as deposits and insurance policies that argon much attractive to household savers, and using the event to buy the primary securities of unions. Thus, FIs take on the costs associated with the purchase of securities. 5.In what sense argon the mo displaceary claims of FIs considered secondary securities, while the pecuniary claims of commercial message corporations ar considered primary securities? How does the transformation process, or intermediation, reduce the risk, or economic disinc entives, to the savers? The funds raised by the fiscal claims issued by commercial corporations atomic number 18 used to induct in real assets. These financial claims, which are considered primary securities, are purchased by FIs whose financial claims therefore are considered secondary securities.Savers who invest in the financial claims of FIs are indirectly investing in the primary securities of commercial corporations. However, the information gathering and evaluation expenses, monitoring expenses, liquidity costs, and price risk of placing the investments directly with the commercial corporation are reduced because of the efficiencies of the FI. 6. Explain how financial insertions act as delegated monitors. What secondary benefits oft accrue to the finished financial system because of this monitoring process?By putting excess funds into financial intros, respective(prenominal) investors give to the FIs the responsibility of deciding who should receive the money and of e nsuring that the money is utilized properly by the borrower. In this sense the depositors have delegated the FI to act as a monitor on their behalf. The FI can clear information more effectively than individual investors. Further, the FI can utilize this information to ca-ca new harvest-festivals, such as commercial loans, that continually update the information pool.This more frequent monitoring process sends important informational signals to other participants in the market, a process that reduces information imperfection and asymmetry between the ultimate sources and users of funds in the economy. 7. What are five general studys of FI specialness that are caused by providing various services to sectors of the economy? First, FIs collect and process information more efficiently than individual savers. Second, FIs provide secondary claims to household savers which often have better liquidity characteristics than primary securities such as quities and bonds. Third, by diversify ing the asset base FIs provide secondary securities with lower price-risk conditions than primary securities. Fourth, FIs provide economies of overcome in transaction costs because assets are purchased in big amounts. Finally, FIs provide maturity intermediation to the economy which allows the introduction of additional types of investment contracts, such as owe loans, that are financed with short-term deposits. 8. How do FIs solve the information and related agency costs when household savers invest directly in securities issued by corporations?What are agency costs? Agency costs occur when owners or managers take actions that are not in the best interests of the equity investor or lender. These costs typically result from the nonstarter to adequately monitor the activities of the borrower. If no other lender performs these tasks, the lender is subject to agency costs as the firm may not satisfy the covenants in the lending agreement. Because the FI invests the funds of many s ubaltern savers, the FI has a greater incentive to collect information and monitor the activities of the borrower. 9.What often is the benefit to the lenders, borrowers, and financial markets in general of the root word to the information problem provided by the huge financial institutions? One benefit to the solution process is the development of new secondary securities that allow even further improvements in the monitoring process. An mannequin is the bank loan that is renewed more quickly than long-term debt. The renewal process updates the financial and operational information of the firm more frequently, thereby reducing the need for restrictive bond covenants that may be difficult and costly to implement. 10.How do FIs alleviate the problem of liquidity risk faced by investors who neediness to invest in the securities of corporations? Liquidity risk occurs when savers are not able to sell their securities on demand. commercialized banks, for example, offer deposits that can be withdrawn at any time. Yet the banks make long-term loans or invest in illiquid assets because they are able to diversify their portfolios and better monitor the performance of firms that have borrowed or issued securities. Thus individual investors are able to realize the benefits of investing in primary assets without accepting the liquidity risk of direct investment. 1. How do financial institutions help individual savers diversify their portfolio risks? Which type of financial institution is best able to achieve this goal? Money placed in any financial institution will result in a claim on a more diversified portfolio. Banks lend money to many different types of corporate, consumer, and government customers, and insurance companies have investments in many different types of assets. coronation in a mutual fund may generate the greatest diversification benefit because of the funds investment in a wide array of stocks and fixed income securities. 2. How can financial inst itutions invest in high-risk assets with funding provided by low-risk liabilities from savers? Diversification of risk occurs with investments in assets that are not suddenly positively correlated. One result of extensive diversification is that the average risk of the asset base of an FI will be less than the average risk of the individual assets in which it has invested. Thus individual investors realize near of the returns of high-risk assets without accepting the corresponding risk characteristics. 13.How can individual savers use financial institutions to reduce the transaction costs of investing in financial assets? By pooling the assets of many small investors, FIs can gain economies of scale in transaction costs. This benefit occurs whether the FI is lending to a corporate or retail customer, or purchasing assets in the money and capital markets. In either case, operating activities that are designed to deal in large volumes typically are more efficient than those activiti es designed for small volumes. 14. What is maturity intermediation?What are aboutwhat of the ways in which the risks of maturity intermediation are managed by financial intermediaries? If net borrowers and net lenders have different optimal time horizons, FIs can service both sectors by matching their asset and li major power maturities through with(predicate) on- and off-balance sheet hedging activities and flexible access to the financial markets. For example, the FI can offer the comparatively short-term liabilities desired by households and also satisfy the demand for long-term loans such as lieu mortgages.By investing in a portfolio of long-and short-term assets that have variable- and fixed-rate components, the FI can reduce maturity risk exposure by utilizing liabilities that have similar variable- and fixed-rate characteristics, or by using futures, options, swaps, and other derivative products. 15. What are five areas of institution-specific FI specialness, and which ty pes of institutions are approximately likely to be the service providers? First, commercial banks and other depository institutions are key players for the transmission of monetary policy from the central bank to the rest of the economy.Second, specific FIs often are identified as the major source of finance for certain sectors of the economy. For example, SLs and savings banks traditionally serve the belief needs of the residential real estate market. Third, life insurance and subvention funds unremarkably are encouraged to provide mechanisms to transfer wealth across generations. Fourth, depository institutions efficiently provide retribution services to benefit the economy. Finally, mutual funds provide denomination intermediation by allowing small investors to purchase pieces of assets with large borderline sizes such as negotiable CDs and commercial paper issues. 6. How do depository institutions such as commercial banks assist in the implementation and transmission of mo netary policy? The supplyeral stand-in Board can involve directly the commercial banks in the implementation of monetary policy through changes in the reserve requirements and the discount rate. The open market sale and purchase of Treasury securities by the Fed involves the banks in the implementation of monetary policy in a less direct manner. 17. What is meant by opinion tryst regulation?What social benefit is this type of regulation intended to provide? Credit allocation regulation refers to the requirement faced by FIs to lend to certain sectors of the economy, which are considered to be socially important. These may hold housing and farming. Presumably the provision of credit to make houses more affordable or farms more viable leads to a more stable and productive society. 18. Which intermediaries best fulfill the intergenerational wealth transfer function? What is this wealth transfer process?Life insurance and pension funds often receive special taxation relief and othe r subsidies to assist in the transfer of wealth from one generation to another. In effect, the wealth transfer process allows the accumulation of wealth by one generation to be transferred directly to one or more younger generations by induceing life insurance policies and trust provisions in pension plans. Often this wealth transfer process avoids the full marginal tax treatment that a direct defrayment would incur. 19. What are two of the most important payment services provided by financial institutions?To what extent do these services efficiently provide benefits to the economy? The two most important payment services are check clearing and wire transfer services. Any breakdown in these systems would evoke gridlock in the payment system with resulting harmful effects to the economy at both the domestic and potentially the international level. 20. What is denomination intermediation? How do FIs assist in this process? Denomination intermediation is the process whereby small inv estors are able to purchase pieces of assets that normally are sold only in large denominations.Individual savers often invest small amounts in mutual funds. The mutual funds pool these small amounts and purchase negotiable CDs which can only be sold in minimum increments of $100,000, but which often are sold in million dollar packages. Similarly, commercial paper often is sold only in minimum amounts of $250,000. Therefore small investors can benefit in the returns and low risk which these assets typically offer. 21. What is negative externality? In what ways do the existence of negative externalities justify the extra restrictive attention received by financial institutions?A negative externality refers to the action by one party that has an adverse affect on some third party who is not part of the master key transaction. For example, in an industrial setting, smoke from a factory that lowers surrounding property values may be viewed as a negative externality. For financial ins titutions, one concern is the contagion effect that can arise when the failure of one FI can cast doubt on the solvency of other institutions in that industry. 22. If financial markets operated short and costlessly, would there be a need for financial intermediaries?To a certain extent, financial intermediation exists because of financial market imperfections. If information is available costlessly to all participants, savers would not need intermediaries to act as either their brokers or their delegated monitors. However, if there are social benefits to intermediation, such as the transmission of monetary policy or credit allocation, then FIs would exist even in the absence of financial market imperfections. 23. What is mortgage redlining? Mortgage redlining occurs when a lender specifically defines a geographic area in which it refuses to make any loans.The term arose because of the area often was outlined on a map with a red pencil. 24. Why are FIs among the most regulated secto rs in the world? When is net regulative burden positive? FIs are need to heighten the efficient operation of the economy. Successful financial intermediaries provide sources of financing that fund economic growth prospect that ultimately raises the overall level of economic activity. Moreover, successful financial intermediaries provide transaction services to the economy that facilitate trade and wealth accumulation.Conversely, distressed FIs create negative externalities for the entire economy. That is, the adverse impact of an FI failure is greater than just the loss to shareholders and other underground claimants on the FIs assets. For example, the local market suffers if an FI fails and other FIs also may be thrown into financial distress by a contagion effect. Therefore, since some of the costs of the failure of an FI are generally borne by society at large, the government intervenes in the precaution of these institutions to protect societys interests. This intervention takes the form of regulation.However, the need for regulation to minimize social costs may impose private costs to the firms that would not exist without regulation. This additional private cost is define as a net regulatory burden. Examples include the cost of holding excess capital and/or excess reserves and the extra costs of providing information. Although they may be socially beneficial, these costs add to private operating costs. To the extent that these additional costs help to avoid negative externalities and to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of the economy, the net regulatory burden is positive. 5. What forms of protection and regulation do regulators of FIs impose to ensure their caoutchouc and soundness? Regulators have issued several guidelines to insure the safety and soundness of FIs a. FIs are required to diversify their assets. For example, banks cannot lend more than 10 percent of their equity to a single borrower. b. FIs are required to maintain minim um amounts of capital to cushion any unexpected losses. In the case of banks, the Basle standards require a minimum load and supplementary capital of 8 percent of their risk-adjusted assets. c.Regulators have set up guaranty funds such as BIF for commercial banks, SIPC for securities firms, and state guaranty funds for insurance firms to protect individual investors. d. Regulators also pursue in periodic monitoring and surveillance, such as on-site examinations, and request periodic information from the FIs. 26. In the transmission of monetary policy, what is the difference between inside money and outside money? How does the Federal book Board try to control the amount of inside money? How can this regulatory position create a cost for the depository financial institutions?Outside money is that part of the money supply directly produced and controlled by the Fed, for example, coins and currency. Inside money refers to bank deposits not directly controlled by the Fed. The Fed can make this amount of money by reserve requirement and discount rate policies. In cases where the level of required reserves exceeds the level considered optimal by the FI, the inability to use the excess reserves to generate tax may be considered a tax or cost of providing intermediation. 27. What are some examples of credit allocation regulation?How can this attempt to create social benefits create costs to the private institution? The satisfactory penny-pinching lender test (QTL) requires thrifts to hold 65 percent of their assets in residential mortgage-related assets to retain the thrift charter. Some states have enacted usury laws that place maximum restrictions on the interest rates that can be charged on mortgages and/or consumer loans. These types of restrictions often create additional operating costs to the FI and almost sure as shooting reduce the amount of profit that could be realized without such regulation. 8. What is the purpose of the Home Mortgage revelation Act? What are the social benefits desired from the legislation? How does the implementation of this legislation create a net regulatory burden on financial institutions? The HMDA was passed by Congress to prevent discrimination in mortgage lending. The social benefit is to ensure that everyone who qualifies financially is provided the opportunity to purchase a house should they so desire. The regulatory burden has been to require a written statement indicating the reasons why credit was or was not granted.Since 1990, the federal regulators have examined millions of mortgage transactions from more than 7,700 institutions each calendar quarter. 29. What legislation has been passed specifically to protect investors who use investment banks directly or indirectly to purchase securities? Give some examples of the types of abuses for which protection is provided. The Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 and the Investment corporation Act of 1940 were passed by Congress to protect investors against possible abuses such as insider trading, lack of disclosure, outright malfeasance, and ruin of fiduciary responsibilities. 30.How do regulations regarding barriers to entry and the scope of permitted activities affect the charter value of financial institutions? The profitability of animated firms will be increased as the direct and indirect costs of establishing competition increase. Direct costs include the actual physical and financial costs of establishing a business. In the case of FIs, the financial costs include raising the necessary minimum capital to receive a charter. Indirect costs include permission from regulatory authorities to receive a charter. Again in the case of FIs this cost involves delightful leadership to the regulators.As these barriers to entry are stronger, the charter value for existing firms will be higher. 31. What reasons have been given for the growth of investment companies at the expense of traditional banks and insurance companies? The r ecent growth of investment companies can be attributed to two major factors a. Investors have demanded increased access to direct securities markets. Investment companies and pension funds allow investors to take positions in direct securities markets while still obtaining the risk diversification, monitoring, and transactional efficiency benefits of financial intermediation.Some experts would argue that this growth is the result of increased sophistication on the part of investors others would argue that the ability to use these markets has caused the increased investor awareness. The growth in these assets is inarguable. b. Recent episodes of financial distress in both the banking and insurance industries have led to an increase in regulation and governmental oversight, thereby increasing the net regulatory burden of traditional companies. As such, the costs of intermediation have increased, which increases the cost of providing services to customers. 2. What are some of the metho ds which banking organizations have employed to reduce the net regulatory burden? What has been the effect on profitability? by means of regulatory changes, FIs have begun changing the mix of business products offered to individual users and providers of funds. For example, banks have acquired mutual funds, have spread out their asset and pension fund management businesses, and have increased the security underwriting activities. In addition, legislation that allows banks to establish branches anywhere in the United States has caused a wave of mergers.As the size of banks has grown, an expansion of possible product offerings has created the potential for lower service costs. Finally, the emphasis in recent years has been on products that generate increases in fee income, and the entire banking industry has benefited from increased profitability in recent years. 33. What characteristics of financial products are necessary for financial markets to become efficient alternatives to fi nancial intermediaries? Can you give some examples of the commoditization of products which were previously the sole property of financial institutions?Financial markets can replace FIs in the delivery of products that (1) have standardized terms, (2) serve a large number of customers, and (3) are sufficiently understood for investors to be comfortable in assessing their prices. When these three characteristics are met, the products often can be treated as commodities. One example of this process is the migration of over-the-counter options to the publicly traded option markets as trading volume grows and trading terms become standardized. 34. In what way has legislation 144A of the Securities and Exchange Commission provided an incentive to the process of financial disintermediation?